Is the Paleo diet safe for health and the environment?

It is no secret that the world facing challenge of transitioning to healthy diets, which link human and planetary health economy. Among wide variety Palaeolithic diet has become so popular in social media. The main goal this study evaluate environmental sustainability Paleo diet, incorporating dimension economic, nutritional, indicators. Results were compared with those other dietary patterns Spain: Mediterranean Diet (MD), Southern European Atlantic (SEAD) Spanish Dietary Guidelines (NAOS). was concluded a low carbohydrates (24.5% energy intake) high protein (29.6% intake), cholesterol (835 mg·day?1) polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.3% intake). quality score 260, result above recommended. Regarding assessment food categories contribute most vegetables fruits associated lower risk cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), colorectal cancer (CRCA), obesity stroke. opposite observed for red meat. Fish seafood, as well poultry, relative higher than one T2D obesity, but not CVD, CRCA or Based on economic assessment, cost estimated (8.6 €·person?1·day?1). metrics terms carbon footprint (CF) water (WF) 5.44 kg CO2·person?1·day?1 3499 L·person?1·day?1 respectively, worse profile MD, SEAD NAOS. Environmental assessments can help policy makers set targets improving guidelines at national level. They are recognized very useful tool guide citizens towards appropriate diet.